Natural Computation Methods for Machine Learning Note 14

2020年3月25日 4005点热度 0人点赞 0条评论

Natural Computation Methods for Machine Learning Note 14

Swarm Intelligence

Intelligence <- Social behavior

  • Intelligence can emerge from social interaction.
  • Emergent behaviour – when a group behaves in ways that were not ”programmed” into its members

  • Swarm intelligence

    • simulated social interaction
    • emergent collective intelligence in groups of simple agents

Bird flocks and fish schools

  • Local interaction
  • No leader
  • Simple local rules – a weighted combination of several goals
    • match velocity of neighbours
    • avoid collisions with neighbours
    • avoid getting too far from neighbours
  • Sufficient to make very realistic simulations
    • used in movies and computer graphics
    • remove the match-velocity rule: insect swarm
    • remove collision rule: cultural interaction

Ants

  • Individual ants can not find shortest route. The colony does.
  • Ant colonies are much more intelligent than ants.
  • Ant colonies build cognitive map in their environment, through pheromone trails.

Stigmergy ❗❗❗

Indirect communication and coordination, by local modification and sensing of the environment.

Computational tools

  • Cellular automata
  • Ant Colony Optimization
  • Particle Swarm Optimization

Cellular automata

  • Massively parallel system of identical communicating state machines (cells).
  • A cell’s state (e.g. on/off) is a function of the states of it communicates with (its neighbours).
  • Used to model/animate fluids (e.g. the water in Find Nemo), gases, bacterial growth, swaying grass, social interaction, epidemics, in ecological simulations etc.

application:

  • Construction and repair
  • Collaborating simple robots
  • Modelling
    • Water, avalanches, traffic flows
  • Map/level generators for games

Ant Colony Optimization

Family of combinatorial optimization algorithms, based on ant behaviour

Common benchmark: the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)

Common ’real’ applications: Scheduling and Network routing (AntNet)

Members: ACS, Ant-Q, MMAS, ASrank,

  • most of which are extensions to Dorigo’s Ant
    System (AS)

Traveling Salesman Problems (TSP)

  • Find the shourtest tour through N cities, and then back to the starting point, such that each city is visited once and only once.
  • NP-hard
    • (N-1)!/2 possible tours
    • exhaustive search intractable
  • Specialized algorithms exist
    • and are hard to beat

Ant System for TSP

Each ant (k)

  • is placed in a randomly selected city
  • remembers the partial solution found so far (initially, the start city only)
  • moves stochastically from city (i) to city (j), by some transition probability p_{i j}^{k}(t)

which depends on

  • pheromone intensity, \tau_{i j}
  • local information, \eta_{i j} (distance)
  • whether j is feasible (not already visited)

Transition probabilities

img

Effects of \alpha and \beta

p_{i j}^{k}(t)=\frac{\left[\tau_{i j}(t)\right]^{\alpha} *\left[\eta_{i j}\right]^{\beta}}{\sum_{c \in C_{i}^{k}}\left[\tau_{i c}(t)\right]^{\alpha} *\left[\eta_{i c}\right]^{\beta}}, j \in C_{i}^{k}

  • If a=0, b>0
    • Pheromone information discarded, only local info used
    • Stochastic greedy search with multiple starting points
  • If a>0, b=0
    • No local information used, only pheromones
    • May lead to premature convergence

Pheromone update

When all ants have completed a tour, let each
ant deposit pheromones on the paths it followed

\tau_{i j}(t+1)=(1-\rho) \tau_{i j}(t)+\sum_k \Delta \tau_{k}{i j}^{k}(t) \quad \forall(i, j)

\rho Evaporation rate(蒸发率) 1<\rho\leq 1

k Sum over all ants, k

\Delta \tau_{i j}^{k}(t)=\left{\begin{array}{cl}1 / L_{k}(t)&\text { if path ij was used by ant } k\\0&\text { otherwise }\end{array}\right.

L_{k}(t)= length of ant k’s tour

Ant Colony Opt

  • ACO is most promising for non-stationary
    problems (e.g. network routing)
  • The TSP solution demonstrated here
    works, but is not state-of-the-art

What is "optimal"?

This is different from other course

In practice, optimality includes other factors as well

  • time and cost to setup (not only to run)
  • amount of knowledge required
  • sufficiently good is often good enough

It is often better to use an algorithm/method you know well,
than to search for (and tune) the "best" one.
But, of course, if you happen to know the best one ...

Dong Wang

I will work as a PhD student of TU Graz in Austria. My research interests include Embedded/Edge AI, federated learning, computer vision, and IoT.

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